The first Arab-Islamic dynasty of Caliphs, they reigned from 660 to 750 AD in Damascus. This dynasty was founded by Muawiya Ibn Abi Sufian in 660 AD.

The Umayyad dynasty ended in 750 AD with the assassination of all the family members except one, Abdul Rahman I who fled to Spain and founded another Umayyad dynasty which ruled in Cordoba from 756 to 1031 AD.